Lubricating oil is a technology-intensive product that is a mixture of complex hydrocarbons, and its true performance is the combined effect of complex physical or chemical change processes. The basic properties of lubricants include general physical and chemical properties, special physicochemical properties, and simulated bench tests.
General physical and chemical properties
Each type of grease has its common general physical and chemical properties to indicate the inherent quality of the product. For lubricating oil, these general physicochemical properties are as follows:
(1) Appearance (color)
The color of oil can often reflect its degree of refinement and stability. For base oils, the higher the degree of refinement, the cleaner and the lighter the color of hydrocarbon oxides and oxides. However, even if the refining conditions are the same, the base oils produced by different oil sources and base oils may have different colors and transparency.
For new finished lubricants, due to the use of additives, color has lost its original meaning as an index to determine the degree of refinement of base oils.
(2) Density
Density is the simplest and most commonly used physical property index for lubricants. The density of lubricating oil increases with the increase in the amount of carbon, oxygen, and * in its composition. Therefore, in the case of the same viscosity or the same relative molecular mass, there are many aromatic oils containing a lot of gum and asphaltenes. The density is the highest, the content of naphthenes is large, and the content of alkanes is the least.
(3) Viscosity
Viscosity reflects the internal friction of an oil and is an indicator of the oiliness and fluidity of the oil. Without adding any functional additives, the higher the viscosity, the higher the oil film strength and the worse the fluidity.
(4) Viscosity index
The viscosity index indicates the degree of viscosity of the oil as a function of temperature. The higher the viscosity index, the smaller the oil viscosity is affected by the temperature, the better the viscosity-temperature performance, and vice versa.
(5) Flash point
The flash point is an indicator of the volatility of the oil. The lighter the fraction of the oil, the more evaporative the flash point is. Conversely, the heavier the fraction of the oil, the less evaporating and the higher the flash point. At the same time, the flash point is an indicator of the danger of fire in petroleum products. The hazard level of the oil is divided according to the flash point. The flash point below 45°C is flammable. Above 45°C is flammable. It is forbidden to heat the oil to its flash point during the storage and transportation of the oil. . With the same viscosity, the higher the flash point, the better. Therefore, the user should choose according to the operating temperature and working conditions of the lubricant when selecting the lubricant. It is generally believed that the flash point can be safely used by 20 to 30°C higher than the operating temperature.
(6) Condensation point and pour point
The freezing point is the maximum temperature at which the oil stops flowing under the specified cooling conditions. The solidification of oil and the solidification of pure compounds are very different. Oil does not have a clear freezing temperature. The so-called "solidification" only loses its fluidity as a whole. Not all components have become solid.
The condensing point of lubricating oil is an important quality index that indicates the low temperature fluidity of lubricating oil. For production, transportation and use are of great significance. Lubricating oils with high freezing point cannot be used at low temperatures. On the contrary, there is no need to use low-point lubricants in areas with higher temperatures. Because the lower the condensation point of lubricating oil, the higher the production cost, causing unnecessary waste. In general, the condensation point of the lubricant should be 5-7°C lower than the lowest temperature in the environment. However, it should be mentioned in particular that, when using low-temperature lubricants, it should be considered in combination with the condensation point, low-temperature viscosity, and viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oil. Because of the low condensation point oil, the low temperature viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics may not meet the requirements.
Condensation point and pour point are indicators of low-temperature fluidity of oil products. There is no principle difference between the two, but the measurement method is slightly different. The condensation point and pour point of the same oil are not completely equal. Generally, the pour point is higher than the freezing point of 2 to 3°C, but there are exceptions.
(7) Acid value, base value and neutralization value
The acid value is an index indicating that the lubricating oil contains an acidic substance, and the unit is mgKOH/g. The acid value is divided into two types: strong acid value and weak acid value. The combination of the two is the total acid value (referred to as TAN). What we usually call "acid number" actually means "total acid number (TAN)".
The base value is an index indicating the content of alkaline substances in the lubricating oil, and the unit is mgKOH/g.
The base value is also divided into two types: strong base value and weak base value, and the combination of the two is the total base value (abbreviated as TBN). What we usually call "base number" actually means "total base number (TBN)".
The neutralization value actually includes the total acid value and the total base value. However, unless otherwise stated, the so-called "neutralization value" actually refers only to the "total acid value" and its unit is also mgKOH/g.
(8) Moisture
Moisture refers to the percentage of water in the lubricating oil, which is usually the weight percentage. The presence of moisture in the lubricant can destroy the oil film formed by the lubricant, deteriorate the lubrication effect, accelerate the corrosion of organic acids on the metal, and rust the equipment, making the oil susceptible to sedimentation. In short, the less moisture in the lubricant, the better.
(9) Mechanical Impurities
Mechanical impurities are precipitates or colloidal suspensions present in lubricating oils that are insoluble in solvents such as gasoline, ethanol, and benzene. Most of these impurities are gravel and iron filings, as well as some of the solvent-soluble organic metal salts brought by the additives. Generally, the mechanical impurities of the lubricating base oil are controlled to be less than 0.005% (nothing less than 0.005% of the miscellaneous machine is considered to be absent).
(10) Ash and ash
Ash content refers to the incombustible matter remaining after burning under the specified conditions. The composition of ash is generally considered to be some metal elements and their salts. Ashes have different concepts for different oils. For base oils or oils without additives, ash can be used to judge the refining depth of oils. For oils (new oils) added with metal salt additives, ash becomes a means to quantitatively control the amount of additives added. Sulfuric acid ash is used instead of ash in foreign countries. The method is: adding a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid before combustion ashing of the oil sample to convert the metal elements of the additive into sulfate.
(11) Carbon residue
Under the stipulated experimental conditions, the burnt black residue formed by the evaporation of heat and combustion is called carbon residue. Residual charcoal is an important quality index of lubricating oil base oil, and it is a project stipulated for judging the properties and refining depth of lubricating oil. In the lubricant base oil, the amount of carbon residue is not only related to its chemical composition, but also related to the refining depth of oil products. The main substances that form carbon residue in lubricating oils are: gums, asphaltenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil. . In the absence of air, these substances are strongly decomposed and condensed to form carbon residue. The deeper the refining depth of the oil, the smaller its residual carbon value. In general, the smaller the residual carbon value of the blank base oil, the better.
Nowadays, many oils contain metal,*, phosphorus and nitrogen additives. Their residual carbon value is very high. Therefore, the residual carbon containing additive oil has lost the original meaning of carbon residue measurement. Mechanical impurities, moisture, ash, and carbon residue are quality indicators that reflect the purity of the oil and reflect the degree of refinement of the lubricating base oil.
General physical and chemical properties
Each type of grease has its common general physical and chemical properties to indicate the inherent quality of the product. For lubricating oil, these general physicochemical properties are as follows:
(1) Appearance (color)
The color of oil can often reflect its degree of refinement and stability. For base oils, the higher the degree of refinement, the cleaner and the lighter the color of hydrocarbon oxides and oxides. However, even if the refining conditions are the same, the base oils produced by different oil sources and base oils may have different colors and transparency.
For new finished lubricants, due to the use of additives, color has lost its original meaning as an index to determine the degree of refinement of base oils.
(2) Density
Density is the simplest and most commonly used physical property index for lubricants. The density of lubricating oil increases with the increase in the amount of carbon, oxygen, and * in its composition. Therefore, in the case of the same viscosity or the same relative molecular mass, there are many aromatic oils containing a lot of gum and asphaltenes. The density is the highest, the content of naphthenes is large, and the content of alkanes is the least.
(3) Viscosity
Viscosity reflects the internal friction of an oil and is an indicator of the oiliness and fluidity of the oil. Without adding any functional additives, the higher the viscosity, the higher the oil film strength and the worse the fluidity.
(4) Viscosity index
The viscosity index indicates the degree of viscosity of the oil as a function of temperature. The higher the viscosity index, the smaller the oil viscosity is affected by the temperature, the better the viscosity-temperature performance, and vice versa.
(5) Flash point
The flash point is an indicator of the volatility of the oil. The lighter the fraction of the oil, the more evaporative the flash point is. Conversely, the heavier the fraction of the oil, the less evaporating and the higher the flash point. At the same time, the flash point is an indicator of the danger of fire in petroleum products. The hazard level of the oil is divided according to the flash point. The flash point below 45°C is flammable. Above 45°C is flammable. It is forbidden to heat the oil to its flash point during the storage and transportation of the oil. . With the same viscosity, the higher the flash point, the better. Therefore, the user should choose according to the operating temperature and working conditions of the lubricant when selecting the lubricant. It is generally believed that the flash point can be safely used by 20 to 30°C higher than the operating temperature.
(6) Condensation point and pour point
The freezing point is the maximum temperature at which the oil stops flowing under the specified cooling conditions. The solidification of oil and the solidification of pure compounds are very different. Oil does not have a clear freezing temperature. The so-called "solidification" only loses its fluidity as a whole. Not all components have become solid.
The condensing point of lubricating oil is an important quality index that indicates the low temperature fluidity of lubricating oil. For production, transportation and use are of great significance. Lubricating oils with high freezing point cannot be used at low temperatures. On the contrary, there is no need to use low-point lubricants in areas with higher temperatures. Because the lower the condensation point of lubricating oil, the higher the production cost, causing unnecessary waste. In general, the condensation point of the lubricant should be 5-7°C lower than the lowest temperature in the environment. However, it should be mentioned in particular that, when using low-temperature lubricants, it should be considered in combination with the condensation point, low-temperature viscosity, and viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oil. Because of the low condensation point oil, the low temperature viscosity and viscosity-temperature characteristics may not meet the requirements.
Condensation point and pour point are indicators of low-temperature fluidity of oil products. There is no principle difference between the two, but the measurement method is slightly different. The condensation point and pour point of the same oil are not completely equal. Generally, the pour point is higher than the freezing point of 2 to 3°C, but there are exceptions.
(7) Acid value, base value and neutralization value
The acid value is an index indicating that the lubricating oil contains an acidic substance, and the unit is mgKOH/g. The acid value is divided into two types: strong acid value and weak acid value. The combination of the two is the total acid value (referred to as TAN). What we usually call "acid number" actually means "total acid number (TAN)".
The base value is an index indicating the content of alkaline substances in the lubricating oil, and the unit is mgKOH/g.
The base value is also divided into two types: strong base value and weak base value, and the combination of the two is the total base value (abbreviated as TBN). What we usually call "base number" actually means "total base number (TBN)".
The neutralization value actually includes the total acid value and the total base value. However, unless otherwise stated, the so-called "neutralization value" actually refers only to the "total acid value" and its unit is also mgKOH/g.
(8) Moisture
Moisture refers to the percentage of water in the lubricating oil, which is usually the weight percentage. The presence of moisture in the lubricant can destroy the oil film formed by the lubricant, deteriorate the lubrication effect, accelerate the corrosion of organic acids on the metal, and rust the equipment, making the oil susceptible to sedimentation. In short, the less moisture in the lubricant, the better.
(9) Mechanical Impurities
Mechanical impurities are precipitates or colloidal suspensions present in lubricating oils that are insoluble in solvents such as gasoline, ethanol, and benzene. Most of these impurities are gravel and iron filings, as well as some of the solvent-soluble organic metal salts brought by the additives. Generally, the mechanical impurities of the lubricating base oil are controlled to be less than 0.005% (nothing less than 0.005% of the miscellaneous machine is considered to be absent).
(10) Ash and ash
Ash content refers to the incombustible matter remaining after burning under the specified conditions. The composition of ash is generally considered to be some metal elements and their salts. Ashes have different concepts for different oils. For base oils or oils without additives, ash can be used to judge the refining depth of oils. For oils (new oils) added with metal salt additives, ash becomes a means to quantitatively control the amount of additives added. Sulfuric acid ash is used instead of ash in foreign countries. The method is: adding a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid before combustion ashing of the oil sample to convert the metal elements of the additive into sulfate.
(11) Carbon residue
Under the stipulated experimental conditions, the burnt black residue formed by the evaporation of heat and combustion is called carbon residue. Residual charcoal is an important quality index of lubricating oil base oil, and it is a project stipulated for judging the properties and refining depth of lubricating oil. In the lubricant base oil, the amount of carbon residue is not only related to its chemical composition, but also related to the refining depth of oil products. The main substances that form carbon residue in lubricating oils are: gums, asphaltenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oil. . In the absence of air, these substances are strongly decomposed and condensed to form carbon residue. The deeper the refining depth of the oil, the smaller its residual carbon value. In general, the smaller the residual carbon value of the blank base oil, the better.
Nowadays, many oils contain metal,*, phosphorus and nitrogen additives. Their residual carbon value is very high. Therefore, the residual carbon containing additive oil has lost the original meaning of carbon residue measurement. Mechanical impurities, moisture, ash, and carbon residue are quality indicators that reflect the purity of the oil and reflect the degree of refinement of the lubricating base oil.
The present invention provides a multifunctional pull faucet, comprising: a faucet body, a drawing part is provided at the water outlet port thereof, and the drawing part is connected to a main channel, wherein at least three are provided in the faucet body A branch channel, and the three branch channels are all connected to the main channel. A multifunctional pull faucet provided by the present invention, wherein the hot water channel, the cold water channel and the water purification channel (pure water channel) are all connected to the main channel , And the main channel is connected with the drawing part on the main body of the faucet, so that the drawing part can obtain the water quality (hot water, cold water, purified water or pure water) required by different users, thereby improving the user experience, and , By integrating the hot water channel, cold water channel and pure water channel (pure water channel) into the main channel, the internal structure of the faucet is simplified, and the production cost of the faucet is reduced.
Abs Plastic Shower,Shower Head Set,Brass Shower Head,Color Changing Shower Head
Yuyao Zelin Sanitary Ware Co., Ltd , https://www.zelinfaucet.com