Chemical poisons mainly exist in the form of gases, liquids, solids, etc., while chemical poisons enter the human body mainly through the human respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin, mucous membranes, wounds, etc., so the basic principle of chemical poison self-protection is to do good respiratory tract The protection of the digestive tract, skin, and mucous membranes prevents chemical poisons from entering the body through these pathways.
First, the basic measures of self-protection
1, the initial judgment of the existence of chemical poisons
(1) Smell: Most chemical poisons have a certain odor, such as mustard gas with garlic flavor, phosgene, dull-burning apple flavor, and hydrogen sulfide with rotten egg flavor. However, you cannot intentionally smell and inhale more poisons. Nerve agents can hardly smell.
(2) Look at the characteristics of plant poisoning: After many plants have been contaminated with chemical poisons, the color changes will occur locally. For example, trees and floors that are poisoned by mustard gas are dark brown; some may even wither or leave oily liquids. Drops and poison spots.
(3) Professionals and medical workers can use the methods of colorimetry, dipstick testing, detection and inspection methods, biochemical methods, and rapid detection instruments to rapidly verify the types of chemical toxicants.
2. Basic measures for self-protection:
(1) Respiratory tract protection: In the case of unknown toxic and harmful gases or concentrations of toxic and harmful gases in the unknown, in principle, isolated respiratory protection products (or positive pressure respiratory protection products) should be used; when you are in If you don’t have the above mentioned protective equipment, you can use escape-type respiratory protection equipment in case of emergency; if you don’t have escape-type respiratory protection equipment at hand, you can only choose some simple respiratory protection methods, such as: 1 wearing a gas mask And anti-virus masks, such as anti-chlorine gas, phosgene with soda lime, activated carbon as a respirator of anti-virus mask, anti-ammonia with copper sulfate or zinc sulfate respirator. Respiratory masks should be checked regularly to prevent failure. (2) Thick masks (8-30 layers) made of towels, gauze, cloth, etc., and then soaked in the following liquids, such as saturated sodium carbonate solution and 10% glycerin can be used to prevent sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, acid mist, etc.; 10% sodium bicarbonate solution, vegetation gray water, lime water can prevent sand forest and hydrogen cyanide; dipping calcium carbonate or calcium lactate can prevent hydrogen fluoride. When you have a certain understanding of the toxic substances that may be present in the site, you should be prepared in advance for personal protective equipment to be used effectively in an accident.
(2) Skin protection: 1 Prevent chemical poisons from injuring the skin and invading the skin. Wear protective clothing, protective boots and protective gloves. Or use suitable protective ointment, such as 3% zinc oxide for acid protection. Cream, anti-alkali can be used 5% boric acid ointment. 2 Simple protection methods: When chemical toxicants are leaked, they can be immediately drawn, such as raincoats, plastic sheets, canvas, tarpaulins, quilts, blankets, etc., covering the body, wearing medical or industrial rubber gloves or leather gloves, and wearing Rain boots to minimize chemical poisoning and skin contact.
(3) Eye protection: 1 Wear windproof mirrors or simple protective equipment to prevent chemical poisons from damaging the eyes or entering the body through the eye conjunctiva and causing poisoning. 2 simple protection methods: use iron wire, plastic paper, cellophane, etc. made of anti-virus glasses or cellophane, transparent plastic film blindfolded, surrounded with a tape fixed to the face.
Second, the basic measures for on-site emergency rescue at the time of the accident
After the occurrence of chemical poisoning, a large number of people may be harmed by chemical poisons. Some of these patients may have severe illnesses. Therefore, timely and effective emergency treatment at the scene is very important to save lives and prevent complications and sequelae. The basic measures for on-site emergency rescue are:
(1) Rapidly leaving the site: After a chemical accident/poisoning incident occurs, all personnel in the contaminated area should be quickly transferred to a safe area where the source of the poison is upwind to avoid continued damage by chemical poisons. Medical staff should quickly classify patients according to the patient's condition, and make corresponding signs to ensure that the medical staff care for critically wounded. At the same time, they must strengthen the observation of the general wounded, and regularly provide the necessary inspection and treatment to avoid delays in the timing of treatment. When medical personnel perform on-site treatment, they must wear effective personal protective equipment according to the actual situation. Work on the site must be strictly in accordance with the division of the area, not to enter the polluted area without reason.
(2) To prevent the continued absorption of chemical poisons: When the skin is burnt by acid or alkaline chemicals or is contaminated by chemicals that are easily absorbed by the skin, contaminated clothing (including underwear), footwear, and gloves should be immediately removed. Rinse with plenty of fresh water while paying attention to cleaning contaminated hair and keep warm. Avoid flushing with hot water. If chemicals are splashed into the eyes, timely and sufficient washing is the most important measure to reduce tissue damage. Where there is no clean water source, tap water can be used for washing. The flushing time should not be less than 10-15 minutes; inhaled poisoning patients should be sent to fresh air immediately, rest quietly, keep the airway open, and give oxygen if necessary. Oral poisoning should induce vomiting as soon as possible, in addition to stimulating the pharynx by hand to induce vomiting, it can also induce vomiting by oral administration of spiking syrup.
(3) Cardiopulmonary Cerebrovascular Resuscitation: If the heart and breathing are stopped after the patient is rescued from the scene of the accident, CPR should be performed immediately.
(4) Treatment of the Loss of Consciousness: Patients with loss of consciousness should pay attention to changes in the pupils, respiration, pulse, and blood pressure, remove foreign materials in the mouth, and use sedatives in a timely manner when there is convulsions.
(5) Application of special effects detoxification drugs: For some poisonings with special detoxification drugs, the earlier the detoxification treatment, the better. If chemical poisoning occurs, immediately 1-2 pieces of isoamyl nitrite should be shredded in a handkerchief or gauze, and be inhaled to the patient for 15-30 seconds. Repeat the application every 15-30 seconds (usually the most 6)) Simultaneously intravenously infusion of 3% sodium nitrite 10-15ml; or intramuscular injection with 4-DMAP 2ml, if the symptoms are severe, then can be intravenously injected slowly with 50% sodium thiosulfate 20ml. Aniline poisoning should be applied as soon as possible 1% methylene blue, according to 1-2mg/kg body weight, diluted and intravenous injection. Organophosphate poisoning should be promptly applied to both atropine or atropine and cholinesterase regenerator.
(6) In the on-site rescue, medical personnel should check the source of the poison as soon as possible and make a clear diagnosis to facilitate targeted treatment. If the cause of the illness is not known for a while, the cause of the incident should be searched based on the clinical manifestations, so as not to delay the timing of the treatment. The main points of treatment are maintenance of heart and brain function, protection of vital organs, and symptomatic supportive care. After initial rescue at the scene, under the close supervision of medical staff, the patient was transferred to a nearby hospital for further treatment.
Before the wounded is moved to a medical institution, the wounded person should be sorted and wounded so that the wounded can receive the most effective treatment. The wounded are generally divided into: 1 critically ill patients who need emergency treatment, that is, there may be damage or indications that may affect life, such as asphyxia, severe bleeding, coma, breathing more than 30 times/minute, blood pressure less than 80/50 mmHg, etc. Red as an indicator). 2 can be postponed treatment, that is no serious injury or poisoning, can be processed or transported (marked with yellow). 3 No treatment, ie no poisoning, no harm or slight poisoning or injury, no handling and transshipment, sometimes observation (marked with green). 4 Death / sudden death, ie no breathing, no pulse, bilateral dilated pupils (identified by black). The corresponding disposal principle is: to improve the success rate of rescue, according to the classification of pick marks. 1 Red - immediate rescue on the spot; 2 yellow - simple treatment and transfer to medical institutions for treatment; 3 green - transfer to medical institutions for medical observation; Other personnel for medical observation at designated times and places; 4 black - stay red Immediately after the identified patient's condition is effectively controlled.
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