[Taiwanese Firefighting] Safety Guidelines for Small Space Fire Extinguishing Safety

I. Introduction

Most of the narrow space accidents are caused by contact with toxic gases ( hydrogen sulfide H2S , hydrogen cyanide HCN) or due to environmental anoxia ( there is always a gas such as methane and carbon dioxide ( biogas), resulting in an oxygen concentration below 18%) . Because the gas is not easy to observe and evaluate with the naked eye, it is easy to have accidents in the case of lack of alertness, and it is easier to cause secondary disasters due to panic and other psychological factors or rush to enter the rescue. Therefore, it is very important for aid workers to recognize the safety of rescue operations in a narrow space. It is expected that “as a rescuer, do not become a person to be saved”.

In special circumstances ( except normal circumstances ) that cannot be covered by this guideline , on-site personnel should use their professional judgment to adjust the overall situation of people, events, time, place, and matter and do the most appropriate and appropriate disposal.

Second, disaster characteristics

1,

2,

Third, the history of the case

1, time of occurrence: March 2016 X days.

2. Location: X City XX Road XX Factory.

3 , on-site situation:

When a cleaner cleans an oil sump in a trough, the squadron dispatches a rescue vehicle to the site after receiving the alarm. The yellow xx and yellow x enter the oil tank ( after entering the oil tank, they can not stand because of dizziness, and immediately evacuate, and then Wearing an air respirator to re-enter ) , Li xx and Zhuang xx use an electric cutter to cut the oil sump, which causes the spark generated when the residual oil in the oil tank is cut to ignite, and the flashing phenomenon occurs, resulting in a coma cleaner in the oil sump. Face, chest, upper and lower extremities burned from 2nd to 3rd degree, and 1st degree of inhalation burn injury. The cleaner finally got out of the oil tank by hanging.

4. Casualties: Two firefighters were injured and one was injured.

5 , case analysis:

1 , first detect whether the presence of toxic gases, lack of oxygen concentration and concentration of flammable gases reaches the upper and lower explosion limits and other hazards, and then determine whether it is necessary to use positive pressure ventilation or wear air respirator to prevent rescue personnel from entering the restricted space. And coma.

Positive pressure air respirator

2. When using rescue equipment for rescue, consider whether there is leakage of natural gas or gas pipelines and other flammable substances at the site, and if necessary, promptly eliminate or take other appropriate protective measures before performing rescue work.

Fourth, safety precautions

1,

After receiving the alarm, contact the person in charge of the alarm, ask the location of the dangerous situation, the number of people trapped, etc., and promptly notify the relevant unit to the scene to assist.

2,

After arriving at the scene, the site safety was assessed first, and the warning area was set up and the temporary headquarters of the accident site was established. The on-site situation was reported to the command center, requesting the coordination of reinforcements from other units, and when necessary, additional large-scale machinery and professional assistance were requested.

3,

The colorless and odorless gases such as oxygen deficiency, nitrogen, and thyrotoxicosis are quite common. People cannot judge by smelling smells, and they should not be allowed to enter and wait to see the basement or trough.

4,

After search and rescue personnel enter the restricted space, they should not act alone. They should set up groups to help each other and keep the radio fluent. They can report on-site conditions at any time so that commanders can control the search and rescue progress.

5,

Check whether there is toxic gas or oxygen concentration and the concentration of flammable gas reaches the upper and lower limits of explosion. Then decide whether it is necessary to use positive pressure ventilation or wear an air respirator to prevent the coma in the operation.

6,

When using rescue equipment for rescue, you should consider whether there is flammable gas leakage and other flammable substances at the site, and if necessary, you should promptly eliminate or take other appropriate protective measures before performing rescue work.

7,

Confined space rescue must pay attention to the potential dangers of the space environment. When there is a possibility of collapse, if necessary, use steel cables, ropes, supporting equipment or other means to support and fix the objects that may collapse to ensure the safety of rescue workers and trapped persons.

8,

Before entering the restricted space, first confirm whether there is any danger of dropping and collapsing on the top and the bottom, and remove it in time; avoid entering the walls that are prone to collapse after entry (for example, if the well is used for many years, its walls and cement walls will collapse. Danger).

9,

If there are electrical (gas) equipment in the confined space (for example, there are pumping equipment in the well), to prevent electric shock, make sure that the power is cut off before entering.

10、

When rescue workers enter the restricted space, a rescue plan should be prepared in advance. When entering, personal protective equipment, air breathing apparatus, radios, flashlights, megaphones, and other necessary search and rescue equipment (such as: audio life detectors ) must be checked again. Preparatory staff wait for rotation. In addition, the offensive and withdrawal routes should be selected to ensure that the emergency evacuation can be carried out quickly in the event of an emergency.

11.

In addition to the lack of oxygen, the restricted space has adverse conditions such as darkness and drastic changes in temperature. It is necessary to send personnel who have received limited space training, appropriate and skilled personnel, and to master the mental state of the rescue personnel (avoiding dark fear and causing excessive ventilation). Make it calm. Rescue workers must evacuate the work area immediately if they feel unwell or have other safety hazards when performing rescue operations.

12,

At the scene, there are dangerous materials such as tin, glass, and steel bars. When rescuing, use towels and cloth to cover it, remove hazardous materials, bend, and eliminate the dangers of rescue.

13,

Assign security personnel to set up warning points, conduct safety control on personnel entering search and rescue space in the Executive Office, understand rescue personnel's position, operation status, operation time and pressure of air respirators, and prepare emergency rescue teams and long-term operational rotations. Power grouping.

14,

When using the ropes to allow players to enter or hang the rescued person, pay attention to the strength of the support point. When the rescued person is hung up, the knot must be confirmed. In principle, the person must not be directly under the victim.

15,

When using heavy machinery at the scene, the search and rescue personnel must be notified to enter the limited space and leave the operation area. The heavy machinery operator should obey the command of the search and rescue personnel so as not to affect the safety of the on-site personnel and trapped persons.

V. Conclusion

Based on the above several cases and safety precautions, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1 , from a narrow space disaster accident data analysis, distribution of disaster types, with oxygen, poisoning and fire and explosion, respectively, the top three, the rest are electric shock, crash or object collapse, collapse and so on. The small space where disasters occur can be indoors or outdoors, underground or on the ground. A small mistake can lead to great and serious consequences such as death and explosion.

2. Rescuers should first confirm whether there is a risk of oxygen deficiency, poisoning, electrical induction, collapse, trapping, reeling, fire, explosion, etc., in the narrow space, and implement every link in the rescue work so as to avoid secondary problems. The occurrence of disaster accidents.

This article comes from Taiwan's "Firefighters Relief and Safety Manual" and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.