营养 Nutrition and fertilization techniques

( 1 ) Fertilizer amount and fertilization frequency The commonly used fertilizer for cultivation, manure, livestock manure, cake fertilizer, compost, garbage fertilizer, fire soil and fertilizer. According to the mineral nutrient requirements for the growth and development of alfalfa, alfalfa is a high-potassium plant, and the potassium content of loquat fruit is almost three times that of nitrogen . Excessive nitrogen fertilizer, large fruit, but the color is strong, the appearance and quality are poor; if the potassium fertilizer is too much, the fruit contains more sugar, but the meat is rough. Therefore, various elements of fertilizer should be properly fitted.  

For juvenile trees, fertilize 5-6 times a year, and use the method of thin fertilizer to apply once every two months. Each plant is fertilized (porcine) excrement ( 20%-30% concentration ) 15-25 kg, or imported compound fertilizer 150-250 g.  

For the adult result tree, three times of fertilizer is generally applied annually, mainly based on the characteristics of the fertilizer required and the phenological period. For the amount of fertilizer applied, the local summary is slightly different. The 15- to 20- year-old Zhuangyuan Garden in Putian Mountain, Fujian Province , applies 10-13 kg of nitrogen per year for 667 square meters, 8-10 kg of phosphorus , and 13-15 kg of potassium . It can be roughly divided into the following times:  

1 After harvest, the fertilizer is applied in May-June . It mainly supplements the nutrients consumed by the results, restores the tree potential, promotes the vigorous development of summer shoots, and promotes the growth of roots and the differentiation of flower buds. In quick fat, combined deep turn, was applied to a large number of decomposed manure. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied is generally 3 : 2 : 2 . The amount of fertilizer applied accounts for 40%-50% of the annual fertilization amount . Late-maturing varieties can be applied before harvesting. Taking 35 kg of capsules as an example, each eucalyptus should be applied with 0.75-1.0 kg of imported compound fertilizer and 10-12 kg of chicken manure .  

2 Before flowering in September-October , the flower bud differentiation in autumn is basically over, and when the flower ear begins to appear, it is applied to provide the flowering result and the nutrients needed for the nutrient autumn shoot, which promotes good flowering and improves the cold resistance of the plant. Based on organic fertilizer. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is generally 5 : 4 : 5 . The amount of fertilizer applied accounts for 30%-40% of the annual fertilization amount . 10-13 kg of chicken manure per plant .  

3 Spring shoots strong fruit fertilizer is applied after the fruit is scattered in 2-3 months. The fertilization effect, is the trigger spring shoot and root growth, and the growth of young fruit supply nutrients needed to promote young fruit grow, reduce fruit drop and trigger and enrich the spring shoots. The application of quick-acting fertilizer combined with compound fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is generally 3 : 4 : 3 . For example, if there are more phosphate fertilizers in the soil, or if the amount of fruit is less, the proportion of phosphate fertilizer can be reduced. If the tree is not prosperous, the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer will increase . The amount of fertilizer applied accounts for about 20% of the annual fertilization amount . Each plant is 30-50 kg of lean manure and urine , 0.3-0.6 kg of imported compound fertilizer , and 0.25-0.5 kg of potash . February is the largest annual Growth Period root, fertilization depth Yi Qian, so as not to hurt the roots.  

In Putian, Fujian, the fruit farmers have combined the ploughing and cultivating soil after harvesting the fruit, and the chicken manure per plant is 30-35 kg. When the eucalyptus results are long, the fruit is rapidly inflated and cultivated, and the chicken manure is 30-35 kg per plant . When the eucalyptus results are long, spray 2-3 times of foliar fertilizer ( 0.2%-0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2-0.4% urea and 0.2-0.3% potassium sulfate) before the rapid expansion period of the fruit , spray 10 days apart. once.  

( 2 ) The fertilization effect of the fertilization method is closely related to the fertilization method. The absorbing root system of eucalyptus is mainly concentrated in the soil layer around the canopy projection, and the canopy drip line is used as the fertilization site. It is also possible to use the fertility of the roots of the alfalfa to apply the fertilizer to a slightly separated place at the root concentration, to guide the root system to expand deeper or outward, and to expand the root system. Also, consider fertilizers, such as poor mobility phosphate, and easily fixed by the red soil. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer should be applied deep and applied to the rhizosphere to increase the absorption and utilization of phosphate fertilizer. Applying over phosphorus with calcium or bone meal, which should be mixed with manure, manure, or other human waste composting, composting After administration, better effect. Commonly used soil fertilization methods in Qinyuan are:  

1 annular fertilization is also called fertilization. In a place slightly outside the canopy, dig an annular groove, apply the fertilizer, and then cover the soil. The Shiji fertilizer ditch should be deeper, 40-50 cm; the top dressing ditch should be shallow, 15-30 cm. The fertilization ditch will be moved out year by year. This fertilization method has the advantages of simple operation and economical use of fertilizer. However, it is easy to cut off some of the faster growing horizontal roots, and the fertilization range is small, which should be paid attention to when selecting .  

2 Disc fertilization takes the trunk as the center and turns the soil into a disc shape. The place where the trunk is shallow is shallow, and the further away from the trunk, the deeper it is. There are also only flat-bottom fertilization plates. The mounds that were thrown out were around the outside of the plate, forming the edge of the bandits. After fertilization, soil again. This method is applied shallowly, water is easy to damage the root, and it is suitable for topdressing. However, long-term fertilization with this method will cause the roots of eucalyptus to move up.  

3 Radiation Ditch Fertilization takes the trunk as the center. 60-80 cm away from the trunk , 6-8 incident grooves are dug outward , 20-30 cm deep , and fertilized in the ditch. The position of the ditch is changed every other year or every other time to increase the absorption surface of the eucalyptus root system. This method has fewer roots, and if combined with ring fertilization, the fertilization effect is better. However, avoid large roots when digging trenches to avoid damage.  

4 strip ditch fertilization in the canopy drip line on both sides of the ditch, or between the rows of the garden or between the plants, the base fertilizer ditch should be deeper, 50-60 cm; the top dressing ditch should be shallow, 15- 30 cm. Then the fertilizer applied to the trench section and the casing. When fertilizing the next time, you can change the other sides and move outwards year by year, combined with deep tillage and ripening the soil. This is a better method of fertilization.  

5 Fertilization in the whole garden For the adult garden, the roots of the eucalyptus tree have been covered with the whole garden, and the fertilizer can be evenly spread throughout the garden and then turned into the soil. If the Park fertilization or fertilization combined with radiation stripe groove fertilizer, fertilizer efficiency can be exhibited better. This method is shallower in fertilization and tends to move the roots of the alfalfa up.  

6 external top dressings are also known as foliar spray fertilizer. The top dressing is to dissolve the fertilizer in water and spray it directly onto the leaves of the eucalyptus, so that the leaves directly absorb the nutrients. Foliar application method is simple, with a small amount of fertilizer, fast absorption and utilization. Root-dressing has an important role in maintaining flowers and fruits, promoting fruit development, improving quality, correcting deficiencies, improving fertilizer efficiency (preventing soil chemistry or biological fixation), and regulating eucalyptus potential. But the root outside the dressing short duration of action, can only play a supporting role, can not replace soil fertilization.  

The leaves are the center of the physiological and biochemical activities of the eucalyptus. The stomata and stratum corneum on the leaf have the ability to absorb fat. On the back side of the young leaves during growth, the ability to absorb fat is stronger. Generally, the leaves absorb the same fat as the roots. Under acidic conditions, the anions are easily absorbed, while under alkaline conditions, the cations are easily absorbed. The trace elements used in top dressing are mostly simple fertilizers. The suitable spray concentration of various fertilizers is shown in Table 4-5 . In the spring, the top dressing can be carried out at a higher concentration. In the hot and dry seasons in summer and autumn, the concentration should be lower to avoid the occurrence of fertilizer damage. When a variety of fertilizers are used in combination, the appropriate concentration should be reduced proportionally. In addition, it is also possible to combine the pest control and spraying to carry out the top dressing, but it is necessary to pay attention to the acidity and alkalinity of the fertilizer type and the type of the drug, and the acidity and alkalinity cannot be mixed.  

7 Special fertilization in some hilly and mountainous areas, soil erosion is serious, nutrient elements are leached, and it is easy to cause deficiency. Further, calcium and phosphorus deficiency often acidic soils, and other alkaline soils iron is often performed using a soil supplement fertilization methods ineffective. To this end, some special fertilization methods can be used to achieve better fertilization effects.  

One is the root fertilization. The period of root fertilization should be in the growth period of root growth, and the effect is better after 5-7 days after flowering . The concentration applied is generally slightly lower than the concentration used for top dressing. The method is: using a 10 cm × 15 cm plastic bag, 100-200 ml of fertilizer solution, and a new root in the east, south, west, and north drip lines of the eucalyptus tree about 30-50 cm. More roots; insert it into a plastic bag filled with fertilizer , and tie the mouth of the bag to evaporate with water. This method is effective in correcting deficiency syndrome.  

The second is infusion and fertilization. Infusion and fertilization, generally in the early spring sap flow, flower bud germination period and fruit ripening period one month before. It can protect flowers and fruits, promote fruit development and flower bud differentiation. Fertilizer solution 0.5 l water, 6 g of urea, 4 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 4 g of boric acid was added in early spring, thirty trace burning alcohol, 3 g of ferrous sulfate, to add iron. Its device resembles a hospital bottle. The production method is as follows: the fertilizer solution is filled in the plastic bottle so that the water is not leaked after the capping. Insert two needles into the lid, attach the hose, a 40 cm long hose for air intake, and another 60 cm long hose to the needle that opens into the tree. Use a nail to make a hole in the trunk of the eucalyptus 20 cm from the ground , reaching the xylem. Then, the bottle was lifted, the needle was inserted into the hole, and after seeing the drug oozing out , the small hole was sealed with white wax.  

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